Inter-application delegated authentication

ABSTRACT

Disclosed is a system for delegating authentication of an untrusted application executing on a client device. For delegated authentication, an untrusted application relies on a trusted application executing in the same environment for authentication purposes. The delegated authentication process avoids requiring the user of the untrusted application to provide authentication credentials. The disclosed system for delegating authentication enables any trusted application executing in the same computing environment to authenticate the untrusted application.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/699,888, filed Apr. 29, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, whichapplication claims a benefit of, and priority to, U.S. PatentApplication No. 61/986,094, entitled “Authentication Mechanism” andfiled on Apr. 29, 2014, U.S. Patent Application No. 61/986,815, entitled“SDK Platform” and filed on Apr. 30, 2014, and U.S. Patent ApplicationNo. 62/067,309, entitled “Authentication Mechanism” and filed on Oct.22, 2014. The contents of U.S. Patent Application No. 61/986,094, U.S.Patent Application No. 61/986,815, and U.S. Patent Application No.62/067,309 are all incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.This application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 14/698,819,entitled “Authentication Mechanism,” now U.S. Pat. No. ______.

BACKGROUND

The disclosure generally relates to the field of applicationauthentication on computing devices.

An application executing on a device engages in an authenticationprocess where credentials are exchanged between the authenticatingentity and the application in order to authorize the application to takecertain actions. A problem with a typical authentication process isrequiring a user of the device to manually provide the credentials toproceed with the authentication. This is both cumbersome and inefficientfor the user and requires the user to maintain credentials for eachapplication executing on the device. A solution to this problem enablesa particular application on the device to act as an authenticationgatekeeper such that other applications may rely on the gatekeepingapplication for authentication purposes. This solution, however,requires the user of the device to install and maintain that gatekeepingapplication on the device. In some scenarios, installing the gatekeepingapplication is not a desirable solution for the user.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed embodiments have advantages and features which will bemore readily apparent from the detailed description, the appendedclaims, and the accompanying figures (or drawings). A brief introductionof the figures is below.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing environment.

FIG. 2 illustrates an event trace for the delegated authentication of anuntrusted application executing on a client device.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process diagram for authenticating anapplication executing on a client device.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating components of an example machineable to read instructions from a machine-readable medium and executethem in a processor (or controller).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The Figures (FIGS.) and the following description relate to embodimentsby way of illustration only. It should be noted that from the followingdiscussion, alternative embodiments of the structures and methodsdisclosed herein will be readily recognized as viable alternatives thatmay be employed without departing from the principles of what isclaimed.

Configuration Overview

Disclosed by way of example embodiments is a mechanism for delegatingthe authentication of an untrusted application executing on a clientdevice. By way of example, an untrusted application can be anapplication that has not been authenticated with one or more credentialsassociated with the client device. The mechanism for delegatingauthentication can be embodied as a system, method and/or a computerprogram product (e.g., a computer readable storage medium that storesinstructions executable by one or more processing units). For delegatedauthentication, an untrusted application on a client device relies on apreviously authenticated application, a trusted application, in the sameenvironment for authentication purposes. By way of example, anenvironment can be a computing device, such as a mobile device, or acollection of a device, such as a mobile device and an Internet ofThings (IoT) device. The delegated authentication process avoidsrequiring the user of the untrusted application to provideauthentication credentials or the operating system of the client deviceto maintain a list of trusted applications and associated authenticationcredentials. Unlike the gatekeeping application, the delegatingauthentication mechanism enables any trusted application, and not onlythe gatekeeping application, to authenticate to authenticate theuntrusted application.

In operation, an untrusted application executing on a client devicerequests to be authenticated by an identity server with credentialsassociated with the client device. Until an untrusted application isauthenticated, the identity server cannot confirm that the applicationcan be legitimately authenticated with the credentials associated withthe client device. To initiate authentication, the untrusted applicationtransmits an authentication request in conjunction with a uniqueparameter of the client device on which the application is executing.The unique parameter is correlated with the credentials associated withthe client device. The unique parameter may be an identifier of theclient device, such as a phone number or a media access control (MAC)address, or a representation of one or more attributes of the clientdevice, such as screen size, screen resolution, volume settings, a listof applications executing on the client device, or carrier information.

Based on the unique parameter, the identity server accesses, from a datastore, a device profile of the client device that includes, among otherinformation, a list of trusted applications that also execute on theclient device. The identity server trusts communications received fromtrusted applications because the communications are encrypted: thistrust relationship between the identity server and the trustedapplications is the foundation of the delegated authentication processdisclosed herein.

Specifically, the identity server selects one of these trustedapplications based on the relative level of activity determined for thetrusted applications. Once a trusted application is selected, theidentity server indicates to the untrusted application to continue theauthentication process via the selected trusted application. Theselected trusted application subsequently co-ordinates theauthentication of the untrusted application with the identity server.Since the trusted application has been previously authenticated, theidentity server trusts authentication requests received from the trustedapplication on behalf of the untrusted application. The identity serverthereby authenticates the untrusted application with the credentialsassociated with the client device.

The following discussion describes in further detail the configurationand operation of the identity server, the trusted application, and theuntrusted application when authenticating the untrusted application.

Example Computing Environment

FIG. 1 illustrates an example computing environment 100. As shown, thecomputing environment 100 includes client devices 110(0)-110(N)(collectively, client devices 110, and, individually, client device110), a network 120, an identity server 130, a device profile store 140,an application server 150, and an application data store 160.

The network 120 may comprise any combination of local area and/or widearea networks, the Internet, or one or more intranets, using both wiredand wireless communication systems. In one embodiment, each of thecomponents included in the computing environment 100 communicate withone another over the network 120. In alternative embodiments, two ormore of the components communicate through a dedicated or networkedcommunication channel (not shown) other than the network 120.

The client device 110 is a computer comprised of a processor, a memory,a display, an input device, and a wired and/or wireless network devicefor communicating with external entities. Examples of a client device110 may be a desktop computer, a laptop computer, a tablet computer, asmart phone, an internet of things (IoT) device, and any other deviceincluding computing functionality and data communication capabilities.

Each client device 110 includes an operating system or a kernel, such asoperational layer 116. The operational layer 116 is a software componentthat manages the hardware and software resources of the client device110. In an embodiment, the operational layer 116 also provides commonservices to other software applications executing on the client device110. These services may include power management, network management,inter-application communication, etc.

The client devices 110 also include software applications, such asapplication T 111, application U 112, and application V 113, comprisedof instructions that execute on the processor included in the respectiveclient device 110. Each application executing on the client device 110is associated with a unique application identifier and performs variousfunctions. Examples of such applications may be a web browser, a socialnetworking application, a messaging application, a gaming application,and a media consumption application. While each of the client devices110 may include similar applications, reference will be made only toapplication T 111 and application U 112 executing on client device110(0) for the remaining discussion.

Each application T 111 and U 112 integrates with different instances ofthe authentication engine 114. The authentication engine 114 provides aset of operations that enable applications to perform authenticationrelated activities. In an embodiment, an entity that operates theidentity server 130 provides the authentication engine 114 to theapplication developers of application T 111 and application U 112. In analternative embodiment, the authentication engine 114 is provided aspart of the common services offered by the operational layer 116.

The authentication engine 114 provides at least three operations thatfacilitate the delegated authentication process. First, theauthentication engine 114 enables bi-directional communication betweenapplications that integrate with the authentication engine 114 and theidentity server 130. Second, the authentication engine 114 enablesuntrusted applications to launch and locally communicate with trustedapplications, i.e., those applications that were previouslyauthenticated by the identity server 130. Third, the authenticationengine 114 enables applications that integrate with the authenticationengine 114 to transmit events related to the applications to theidentity server 130. An event indicates an action taken by a user of anapplication or any other action related to the application and atimestamp indicating when the action occurred. Examples of such actionsinclude launching the application, actuating a feature of theapplication, manipulating the user interface of the application (e.g.,by scrolling or swiping), and the application crashing.

The identity server 130 provides identity management and authenticationservices to applications executing on the client devices 110. Theidentity server 130 includes an authentication module 131 and a datacollection module 132. The authentication module 131 receives andprocesses authentication requests from untrusted applications executingon the client devices 110. In general, the authentication module 131facilitates the delegated authentication of an untrusted application byrelying on a trusted application executing on the same device as theuntrusted application. When an untrusted application is authenticated,the authentication module 131 generates an authentication token for thenewly trusted application. The authentication token may be used by theapplication for subsequent secure communication with the identity server130 or an application server 150.

For each of the trusted applications executing on client devices 110,the data collection module 132 receives, via the respectiveauthentication engines 114, events indicating actions taken by users ofthe application or any other actions related to the application. Anevent may identify a type of the action, a timestamp indicating when theaction occurred, any logs associated with the action (such as analyticsor crash logs), and a geographic location associated with the event. Thedata collection module 132 processes the events received from the clientdevices 110 to generate a comprehensive device profile for each clientdevice 110. The data collection module 132 stores the device profilesgenerated for client devices 110 in the device profile store 140.

A device profile for a client device 110 identifies one or moreapplications previously authenticated by the authentication module 131.Specifically, for a given client device 110, the device profile includesa unique identifier associated with the client device 110 and one ormore application profiles associated with applications included in theclient device 110. An application profile includes a unique identifierassociated with the application, authentication tokens generated for theapplication, and a usage history of the application.

In general, the usage history of the application indicates a level ofactivity on the application. The usage history includes each of theevents received from the application via the authentication engine 114.Optionally, the usage history also includes metrics derived from thereceived events. For example, the data collection module 132 maygenerate a frequency metric based on the frequency of events receivedfrom the application. In another example, the data collection module 132may generate an engagement metric based on the types of actions taken bya user on the application and the frequency of those actions. Othertypes of metrics generated from events for the purpose of determining alevel of activity on the application are within the scope here.

Optionally, the data collection module 132 collects additionalinformation about various applications, including those executing on aclient device 110, from third party sources. This additional informationmay include indications of the popularity of an application acrossvarious demographics and geographic regions. The additional informationmay also include information related to the application developer thatdeveloped the application.

When authenticating an untrusted application, the authentication module131 selects a trusted application included on the same client device 110to which the authentication of the untrusted application is delegable.The authentication module 131 selects the trusted application based onthe device profile associated with the client device 110. If more thanone trusted application is included on the client device 110, then theauthentication module 131 selects one of the trusted applications basedon the usage history of the application and any additional informationcollected by the data collection module 132. In one embodiment, theauthentication module 131 selects a trusted application having a higherlevel of activity and/or more recent activity relative to otherapplications as that indicates a higher likelihood of the trustedapplication still being present on the client device 110 and thusavailable to continue the authentication process.

The discussion below further describes how application T 111, a trustedapplication, and application U 112, an untrusted application, operate inconjunction with the authentication module 131 to authenticateapplication U 112.

Delegated Authentication of Applications

FIG. 2 illustrates an event trace for the delegated authentication ofapplication U 112 executing on a client device 110. When application U112 is initialized, the authentication engine 114 transmits 201 aprimary authentication request to the identity server. Application U 112may be initialized when the application is first installed on the clientdevice 110 or at a later time when the user of the client device 110launches the application. The primary authentication request transmittedby application U 112 includes a unique parameter of the client device110 on which the application is executing. The unique parameter iscorrelated with the credentials associated with the client device 110such that the unique parameter can uniquely identify the client device110. The unique parameter may be an identifier of the client device,such as a phone number or a media access control (MAC) address, or arepresentation of one or more attributes of the client device, such asscreen size and resolution, volume settings, or carrier information.

In response to receiving the authentication request, the authenticationmodule 131 selects 202 a trusted application executing on the sameclient device 110. Specifically, the authentication module 131 accessesthe device profile of the client device 110 stored in the device profilestore 140. As discussed above, the device profile of the client device110 specifies a list of trusted applications executing on the clientdevice 110 and a level of activity determined for each of thoseapplications. In one embodiment, the authentication module 131 selects atrusted application that has a higher likelihood of still being presenton the client device 110 relative to other applications. Theauthentication module 131 may determine the likelihood of theapplication still being present based on the application having a higheror more recent level of activity relative to other applications includedin the device profile.

For the purposes of this example discussion, the authentication module131 selects application T 111 on client device 110 for the delegatedauthentication of application U 112. Once application T 111 is selected,the authentication module 131 transmits 203 to application U 112 acryptographic nonce (further described below), e.g., nonce A, and aninstruction to continue the authentication process via application T111. The nonce and the instruction are transmitted to application U 112via the authentication engine 114.

A cryptographic nonce is an arbitrary (and, often, randomly generated)number that is used to secure communication between one or moreentities. The authentication module 131 maintains a history of noncestransmitted to a trusted application during the delegated authenticationprocess of an untrusted application. When transmitting requests to theauthentication module 131, the trusted and the untrusted applicationgenerate a hash of the application identifier of the untrustedapplication based on the most recently received nonce. The hashedidentifier is included in the request. In one embodiment, authenticationengine 114 is configured with a hash function that takes as input theapplication identifier and the nonce and generates as output a hash ofthe application identifier using the nonce as the hash key. The trustedand untrusted applications use the hash function provided by theauthentication engine 114 to generate the hashed identifier.

The authentication module 131 compares the received hashed identifieragainst a locally-generated hash of the application identifier. Theauthentication module 131 generates the locally-generated hash based onthe most recently transmitted nonce. In one embodiment, theauthentication module 131 is configured with a hash function that takesas input the application identifier of an application and the mostrecently transmitted nonce and generates as output a hash of theapplication identifier using the nonce as the hash key. This is thelocally-generated hash. If the received hashed identifier matches thelocally-generated hash of the application identifier, then theauthentication module 131 determines that the received request is validand not a result of a replay attack. In alternative embodiments, adifferent identifier, other than the application identifier, may behashed using the nonce. The different identifier may be an identifierconfigured into the authentication engine 114 that is also available tothe authentication module 131. Optionally, a request from an applicationmay include a value in plaintext and a hashed value generated using themost recently received nonce. In response, the authentication module 131generates a hash of the plain text value using the most recentlytransmitted nonce and compares the hashed plaintext value to the hashedvalue included in the request.

In response to receiving nonce A and the instruction to continueauthentication via application T 111, application U 112 transmits aninter-application authentication request to application T 111 via theauthentication engine 114. In operation, application U 112 launches 204application T 111 using an operation provided by the authenticationengine 114. Application U 112 also transmits nonce A received from theauthentication module 131 to application T 111 via the authenticationengine 114.

As discussed above, the authentication engine 114 is an SDK thatprovides different types of functionality to the applications, such asapplication U 112 and application T 111, that integrate with theauthentication engine 114. One functionality provided by theauthentication engine 114 is the ability for an application thatintegrates with the authentication engine 114 to launch and communicatewith other applications within the same computing environment that arealso integrated with the authentication engine 114. Application U 112uses this functionality of the authentication engine 114 to launchapplication T 111 and transmit nonce A received from the authenticationmodule 131 to application T 111.

Application T 111, in turn, transmits 205 a verification request to theauthentication module 131 on behalf of application U 112. Again,application T 111 transmits the verification request using functionalityprovided by the authentication engine 114 that allows an applicationthat integrates with the authentication engine 114 to bi-directionallycommunicate with the authentication module 131. The verification requesttransmitted by application T 111 includes the application identifierassociated with application U 112. Optionally, to indicate the source ofthe verification request, application T 111 hashes the applicationidentifier included in the verification request using nonce A and signsthe request using the private key of application T 111.

The authentication module 131 authorizes 206 the verification requestupon determining that the verification request is transmitted by atrusted application executing on the client device 110 in a timelymanner. To determine whether a request was transmitted by a trustedapplication, the authentication module 131 decrypts the signedverification request using the public key of application T 111. Thepublic key is included in the application profile of application T 111stored in the device profile store 140. The authentication module 131also determines whether the request is timely (for example, is not areplay attack) by comparing the hashed application identifier (hashedusing the nonce transmitted to the trusted application) included in theverification request with a locally-generated hash of the applicationidentifier. If the two values match, then the authentication module 131determines that the request is timely. When the request is received froma trusted source and is timely, the authentication module 131 authorizesthe verification request.

Once the verification request is authorized, the authentication module131 transmits 207 to application T 111 a cryptographic nonce (e.g.,nonce B) and an instruction to authorize application U 112 to continuethe authentication process. The nonce and the instruction aretransmitted to application T 111 via the authentication engine 114.Application T 111 in turn transmits 208 nonce B to application U 112 tocontinue the authentication process with the authentication module 131.

Application U 112, in response to receiving nonce B, transmits 209 asecondary authentication request including nonce B and the applicationidentifier associated with application U 112 to the authenticationmodule 131. In one embodiment, application U 112 generates a hash of theapplication identifier using nonce B and transmits the hashedapplication identifier to the authentication module 131.

The authentication module 131, having already authorized theauthentication of application U 112 via application T 111, generates 210an access token, a public key, and a private key for application U 112.The authentication module 131 transmits 211 the access token and thekeys to application U 112, which is now a trusted application. Theauthentication module 131 also updates the device profile associatedwith the client device 110 to indicate that application U 112 is atrusted application.

Application U 112 uses the authentication token and the keys forsubsequent communications with the identity server 130 and any thirdparty server that requires the application to be authenticated. In oneexample, application U 112 transmits the authentication token to theapplication server 150. The application server 150 authorizesapplication U 112, based on the authentication token, to access to datastored in the application data store 160 that may only be accessed bythe credentials associated with the client device 110 on whichapplication U 112 is executing.

In an embodiment, the delegated authentication process described aboveenables cross-application data sharing as the applications areauthenticated using a common identity, i.e., the credentials associatedwith the device on which the applications are installed. For example,application server 150 may allow access to data stored in applicationdata store 160 to any application that is authenticated using the commonidentity. As a result, one application may store data in the applicationdata store 160 via the application server 150 and a differentapplication may access that data via the application server 150. Suchdata includes photos, documents, music, configurations, etc.

In one embodiment, an untrusted application and a trusted applicationreside on different client devices 110. In such an embodiment, the twoapplications communicate over a cross-device communication channel, suchas over Bluetooth or a wireless network, to proceed with the delegatedauthentication process. To further secure the authentication process insuch an embodiment, the trusted application may request confirmationfrom a user of the client device on which the trusted applicationexecutes before proceeding with the authentication of the untrustedapplication.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example process diagram for authenticating anapplication, e.g., application U 112, executing on a client device,e.g., client device 110. Other embodiments may perform the steps of theprocess illustrated in FIG. 3 in different orders and can includedifferent, additional and/or fewer steps. The process may be performedby any suitable entity, such as the authentication module 131.

The authentication module 131 receives 301 a primary authenticationrequest from an untrusted application installed on a given client device110. The authentication request includes a unique parameter of theclient device 110 and an application identifier associated with theapplication. The unique parameter may be an identifier of the clientdevice, such as a phone number or a media access control (MAC) address,or a representation of two or more attributes of the client device, suchas screen size and resolution, volume settings, or carrier information.The combination of two or more attributes may uniquely identify theclient device.

In response to receiving the authentication request, the authenticationmodule 131 selects 302 a trusted application, e.g., application T 111,also installed on the same client device 110. Specifically, theauthentication module 131 selects a trusted application from a list oftrusted applications specified by the device profile of the clientdevice 110. The authentication module 131 instructs 303 the untrustedapplication to continue the authentication process via the selectedtrusted application. Specifically, as discussed in conjunction with FIG.2, the authentication module 131 transmits to the untrusted applicationa cryptographic nonce, e.g., nonce A, and an instruction to continue theauthentication process using the selected trusted application. The nonceand the instruction are transmitted to the untrusted application via theauthentication engine 114.

As instructed, the untrusted application, e.g., application U 112,continues the authentication process via the selected trustedapplication, e.g., application T 111. Specifically, as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 2, the untrusted application launches the trustedapplication using functionality provided by the authentication engine114 and transmits the nonce received by the authentication module 131 tothe trusted application.

The trusted application proceeds to verify that the untrustedapplication is requesting authentication on the instruction of theauthentication module 131. Accordingly, the authentication module 131receives 304 a verification request from the trusted application. Theverification request indicates to the authentication module 131 that theuntrusted application launched the trusted application and requested tocontinue authentication via the trusted application. The verificationrequest is signed using the trusted application's private key, and theauthentication module 131 determines the validity of the verificationrequest by decrypting the request using the trusted application's publickey.

When the request is determined to be valid, the authentication module131 transmits 305 an authorization to the trusted application indicatingthat the untrusted application may rightfully be authenticated with thecredentials associated with the client device 110 on which theapplication is executing. The trusted application transmits theauthorization to the untrusted application. Accordingly, theauthentication module 131 receives 306 a secondary authentication fromthe untrusted application. In response, the authentication module 131transmits 307 an authentication token and cryptographic keys associatedwith the application to the untrusted application, thus, completing theauthentication process.

Example Machine Architecture

FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating components of an example machine(or device) able to read instructions from a machine-readable medium andexecute them in a processor (or controller), such as by a processor ofclient device 110, identity server 130, or application server 150.Specifically, FIG. 4 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine inthe example form of a computer system 400. The computer system 400 canbe used to execute instructions 424 (e.g., program code or software) forcausing the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies (orprocesses) described herein, for example with respect to FIGS. 1-3. Inalternative embodiments, the machine operates as a standalone device ora connected (e.g., networked) device that connects to other machines. Ina networked deployment, the machine may operate in the capacity of aserver machine or a client machine in a server-client networkenvironment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed)network environment.

The machine may be a server computer, a client computer, a personalcomputer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a smartphone, aninternet of things (IoT) appliance, a network router, switch or bridge,or any machine capable of executing instructions 424 (sequential orotherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further,while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shallalso be taken to include any collection of machines that individually orjointly execute instructions 424 to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 400 includes one or more processing units(generally processor 402). The processor 402 is, for example, a centralprocessing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a digitalsignal processor (DSP), a controller, a state machine, one or moreapplication specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or moreradio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs), or any combination ofthese. The computer system 400 also includes a main memory 404. Thecomputer system may include a storage unit 416. The processor 402,memory 404 and the storage unit 416 communicate via a bus 408.

In addition, the computer system 406 can include a static memory 406, adisplay driver 440 (e.g., to drive a plasma display panel (PDP), aliquid crystal display (LCD), or a projector). The computer system 400may also include alphanumeric input device 442 (e.g., a keyboard), acursor control device 414 (e.g., a mouse, a trackball, a joystick, amotion sensor, or other pointing instrument), a signal generation device418 (e.g., a speaker), and a network interface device 420, which alsoare configured to communicate via the bus 408.

The storage unit 416 includes a machine-readable medium 422 on which isstored instructions 424 (e.g., software) embodying any one or more ofthe methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 424may also reside, completely or at least partially, within the mainmemory 404 or within the processor 402 (e.g., within a processor's cachememory) during execution thereof by the computer system 400, the mainmemory 404 and the processor 402 also constituting machine-readablemedia. The instructions 424 may be transmitted or received over anetwork 426 via the network interface device 420.

While machine-readable medium 422 is shown in an example embodiment tobe a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” should be takento include a single medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized ordistributed database, or associated caches and servers) able to storethe instructions 424. The term “machine-readable medium” shall also betaken to include any medium that is capable of storing instructions 424for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform anyone or more of the methodologies disclosed herein. The term“machine-readable medium” includes, but not be limited to, datarepositories in the form of solid-state memories, optical media, andmagnetic media.

Additional Considerations

The delegated authentication mechanism as disclosed provides benefitsand advantages that include enabling any trusted application on a deviceto authenticate an untrusted application. Thus, the user of the clientdevice is not required to install a particular application forauthentication purposes as any trusted application is enabled to playthat role. Further, the delegated authentication mechanism allowsdifferent applications to share common credentials that, in turn, allowsthe application to share data that is accessible to the commoncredentials. Specifically, an application server may allow access todata stored in an application data store to any application that isauthenticated using the common credentials. As a result, one applicationmay store data in the application data store via the application serverand a different application may access that data via the applicationserver. Such data includes photos, documents, music, configurations,etc.

Throughout this specification, plural instances may implementcomponents, operations, or structures described as a single instance.Although individual operations of one or more methods are illustratedand described as separate operations, one or more of the individualoperations may be performed concurrently, and nothing requires that theoperations be performed in the order illustrated. Structures andfunctionality presented as separate components in example configurationsmay be implemented as a combined structure or component. Similarly,structures and functionality presented as a single component may beimplemented as separate components. These and other variations,modifications, additions, and improvements fall within the scope of thesubject matter herein.

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms, for example, as illustrated inFIGS. 1 and 4. Modules may constitute either software modules (e.g.,code embodied on a machine-readable medium or in a transmission signal)or hardware modules. A hardware module is tangible unit capable ofperforming certain operations and may be configured or arranged in acertain manner. In example embodiments, one or more computer systems(e.g., a standalone, client or server computer system) or one or morehardware modules of a computer system (e.g., a processor or a group ofprocessors) may be configured by software (e.g., an application orapplication portion) as a hardware module that operates to performcertain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implementedmechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module maycomprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured(e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gatearray (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) toperform certain operations. A hardware module may also compriseprogrammable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within ageneral-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that istemporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. Itwill be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware modulemechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or intemporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may bedriven by cost and time considerations.

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors, e.g.,processor 402, that are temporarily configured (e.g., by software) orpermanently configured to perform the relevant operations. Whethertemporarily or permanently configured, such processors may constituteprocessor-implemented modules that operate to perform one or moreoperations or functions. The modules referred to herein may, in someexample embodiments, comprise processor-implemented modules.

The one or more processors may also operate to support performance ofthe relevant operations in a “cloud computing” environment or as a“software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at least some of theoperations may be performed by a group of computers (as examples ofmachines including processors), these operations being accessible via anetwork (e.g., the Internet) and via one or more appropriate interfaces(e.g., application program interfaces (APIs).)

The performance of certain of the operations may be distributed amongthe one or more processors, not only residing within a single machine,but deployed across a number of machines. In some example embodiments,the one or more processors or processor-implemented modules may belocated in a single geographic location (e.g., within a homeenvironment, an office environment, or a server farm). In other exampleembodiments, the one or more processors or processor-implemented modulesmay be distributed across a number of geographic locations.

Some portions of this specification are presented in terms of algorithmsor symbolic representations of operations on data stored as bits orbinary digital signals within a machine memory (e.g., a computermemory). These algorithms or symbolic representations are examples oftechniques used by those of ordinary skill in the data processing artsto convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. Asused herein, an “algorithm” is a self-consistent sequence of operationsor similar processing leading to a desired result. In this context,algorithms and operations involve physical manipulation of physicalquantities.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, discussions herein using wordssuch as “processing,” “computing,” “calculating,” “determining,”“presenting,” “displaying,” or the like may refer to actions orprocesses of a machine (e.g., a computer) that manipulates or transformsdata represented as physical (e.g., electronic, magnetic, or optical)quantities within one or more memories (e.g., volatile memory,non-volatile memory, or a combination thereof), registers, or othermachine components that receive, store, transmit, or displayinformation.

As used herein any reference to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment”means that a particular element, feature, structure, or characteristicdescribed in connection with the embodiment is included in at least oneembodiment. The appearances of the phrase “in one embodiment” in variousplaces in the specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment.

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent).

In addition, use of the “a” or “an” are employed to describe elementsand components of the embodiments herein. This is done merely forconvenience and to give a general sense of the invention. Thisdescription should be read to include one or at least one and thesingular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meantotherwise.

Upon reading this disclosure, those of skill in the art will appreciatestill additional alternative structural and functional designs for asystem and a process for delegating authentication of an untrustedapplication executing on a client device through the disclosedprinciples herein. Thus, while particular embodiments and applicationshave been illustrated and described, it is to be understood that thedisclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction andcomponents disclosed herein. Various modifications, changes andvariations, which will be apparent to those skilled in the art, may bemade in the arrangement, operation and details of the method andapparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scopedefined in the appended claims.

1. (canceled)
 2. A system comprising: one or more computers and one ormore storage devices storing instructions that when executed by one ormore computers cause the one or more computers to perform respectiveoperations, the operations comprising: receiving a first authenticationrequest from a first application installed on a first client device, thefirst authentication request comprising a first application identifierfor the first application and a first device identifier for the firstclient device; receiving data representing one or more device profiles,each of the one or more device profiles including a device identifierfor a client device and a list of applications, wherein each applicationof the list of applications includes a corresponding applicationidentifier for the application; using the first device identifier todetermine, from the one or more device profiles, a first device profilefor first client device; determining, from a list of applications in thefirst device profile, whether the first application identifier isincluded in the list of applications; in response to determining thatthe first application identifier is not included in the list ofapplications, authenticating the first application using at least oneapplication in the list of applications in the first device profile; andupdating the first device profile by adding the first application to thelist of applications in the first device profile.
 3. The system of claim2, wherein each application in the list of applications is associatedwith one or more authentication tokens generated for the application anda usage history of the application.
 4. The system of claim 2, whereinauthenticating the first application using the at least one applicationcomprises: transmitting, to the first application, a first nonce and afirst instruction to continue the authentication process using the atleast one application; wherein the first nonce is an arbitrary numberused for secured communication between the first application and the atleast one application.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein authenticatingthe first application using the at least one application furthercomprises: receiving, after the first application transmits aninter-application authentication request to the at least oneapplication, a first verification request from the at least oneapplication on behalf of authenticating the first application; inresponse, determining whether the first verification request is receivedwithin a particular time window; in response to determining the firstverification request is received within the particular time window,authorizing the first verification request; and transmitting, to the atleast one application, a second nonce and a second instruction toauthorize the first application.
 6. The system of claim 5, whereinauthenticating the first application using the at least one applicationfurther comprises: receiving a second authentication request, from thefirst application, wherein the second authentication request includes ahash of the first application identifier and the second nonce, whereinthe hash is generated, by the first application, based on the secondinstruction and second nonce received from the at least one application;and in response, generating a respective access token and a respectivekey for the first application.
 7. The system of claim 6, whereinupdating the first device profile by adding the first application to thelist of applications in the first device profile further comprises:transmitting, to the first application, the respective token and therespective key generated for the first application; and adding, to thelist of applications, the first application, the respective token, andthe respective key so that the first application is an authorizedapplication.
 8. The system of claim 2, wherein authenticating the firstapplication using the at least one application further comprises:selecting an application, as the at least one application, from the listof applications in the first device profile; wherein the selecting isbased on a likelihood of each application in the list of applicationsbeing currently installed on the first client device.
 9. A methodcomprising: receiving a first authentication request from a firstapplication installed on a first client device, the first authenticationrequest comprising a first application identifier for the firstapplication and a first device identifier for the first client device;receiving data representing one or more device profiles, each of the oneor more device profiles including a device identifier for a clientdevice and a list of applications, wherein each application of the listof applications includes a corresponding application identifier for theapplication; using the first device identifier to determine, from theone or more device profiles, a first device profile for first clientdevice; determining, from a list of applications in the first deviceprofile, whether the first application identifier is included in thelist of applications; in response to determining that the firstapplication identifier is not included in the list of applications,authenticating the first application using at least one application inthe list of applications in the first device profile; and updating thefirst device profile by adding the first application to the list ofapplications in the first device profile.
 10. The method of claim 9,wherein each application in the list of applications is associated withone or more authentication tokens generated for the application and ausage history of the application.
 11. The method of claim 9, whereinauthenticating the first application using the at least one applicationcomprises: transmitting, to the first application, a first nonce and afirst instruction to continue the authentication process using the atleast one application; wherein the first nonce is an arbitrary numberused for secured communication between the first application and the atleast one application.
 12. The method of claim 11, whereinauthenticating the first application using the at least one applicationfurther comprises: receiving, after the first application transmits aninter-application authentication request to the at least oneapplication, a first verification request from the at least oneapplication on behalf of authenticating the first application; inresponse, determining whether the first verification request is receivedwithin a particular time window; in response to determining the firstverification request is received within the particular time window,authorizing the first verification request; and transmitting, to the atleast one application, a second nonce and a second instruction toauthorize the first application.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinauthenticating the first application using the at least one applicationfurther comprises: receiving a second authentication request, from thefirst application, wherein the second authentication request includes ahash of the first application identifier and the second nonce, whereinthe hash is generated, by the first application, based on the secondinstruction and second nonce received from the at least one application;and in response, generating a respective access token and a respectivekey for the first application.
 14. The method of claim 13, whereinupdating the first device profile by adding the first application to thelist of applications in the first device profile further comprises:transmitting, to the first application, the respective token and therespective key generated for the first application; and adding, to thelist of applications, the first application, the respective token, andthe respective key so that the first application is an authorizedapplication.
 15. The method of claim 9, wherein authenticating the firstapplication using the at least one application further comprises:selecting an application, as the at least one application, from the listof applications in the first device profile; wherein the selecting isbased on a likelihood of each application in the list of applicationsbeing currently installed on the first client device.
 16. One or morenon-transitory computer-readable storage media encoded with instructionsthat, when executed by one or more computers, cause the one or morecomputers to perform operations comprising: receiving a firstauthentication request from a first application installed on a firstclient device, the first authentication request comprising a firstapplication identifier for the first application and a first deviceidentifier for the first client device; receiving data representing oneor more device profiles, each of the one or more device profilesincluding a device identifier for a client device and a list ofapplications, wherein each application of the list of applicationsincludes a corresponding application identifier for the application;using the first device identifier to determine, from the one or moredevice profiles, a first device profile for first client device;determining, from a list of applications in the first device profile,whether the first application identifier is included in the list ofapplications; in response to determining that the first applicationidentifier is not included in the list of applications, authenticatingthe first application using at least one application in the list ofapplications in the first device profile; and updating the first deviceprofile by adding the first application to the list of applications inthe first device profile.
 17. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media of claim 16, wherein each application inthe list of applications is associated with one or more authenticationtokens generated for the application and a usage history of theapplication.
 18. The one or more non-transitory computer-readablestorage media of claim 16, wherein authenticating the first applicationusing the at least one application comprises: transmitting, to the firstapplication, a first nonce and a first instruction to continue theauthentication process using the at least one application; wherein thefirst nonce is an arbitrary number used for secured communicationbetween the first application and the at least one application.
 19. Theone or more non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 18,wherein authenticating the first application using the at least oneapplication further comprises: receiving, after the first applicationtransmits an inter-application authentication request to the at leastone application, a first verification request from the at least oneapplication on behalf of authenticating the first application; inresponse, determining whether the first verification request is receivedwithin a particular time window; in response to determining the firstverification request is received within the particular time window,authorizing the first verification request; and transmitting, to the atleast one application, a second nonce and a second instruction toauthorize the first application.
 20. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media of claim 19, wherein authenticating thefirst application using the at least one application further comprises:receiving a second authentication request, from the first application,wherein the second authentication request includes a hash of the firstapplication identifier and the second nonce, wherein the hash isgenerated, by the first application, based on the second instruction andsecond nonce received from the at least one application; and inresponse, generating a respective access token and a respective key forthe first application.
 21. The one or more non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media of claim 20, wherein updating the firstdevice profile by adding the first application to the list ofapplications in the first device profile further comprises:transmitting, to the first application, the respective token and therespective key generated for the first application; and adding, to thelist of applications, the first application, the respective token, andthe respective key so that the first application is an authorizedapplication.
 22. The one or more non-transitory computer-readablestorage media of claim 16, wherein authenticating the first applicationusing the at least one application further comprises: selecting anapplication, as the at least one application, from the list ofapplications in the first device profile; wherein the selecting is basedon a likelihood of each application in the list of applications beingcurrently installed on the first client device.